3 Theory & tools & observation of Turbulence
1 Turbulence: The legacy of A.N. Kolmogorov
Frisch, U. (1995). Turbulence: The legacy of A.N. Kolmogorov. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511623343
2 A Practical Guide to Wavelet Analysis (read partially)
Torrence, C., & Compo, G. P. (1998). A practical guide to wavelet analysis. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79(1), 61-78. doi: 10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0061:APGTWA>2.0.CO;2
2.1 简介
通过大气科学中的 El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 现象的例子,给出了一个实用的小波变换(Wavelet Analysis)过程的指南,并包含统计显著性检验。
2.1.1 Wavelet analysis
WFT(Windowed Fourier transform ) 是一种从信号中提取局部频率信息的分析工具,Window 指的是 sliding segment,对比:
| 对比 | WFT | Wavelet analysis | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 尺度特性 | 固定窗口大小 |
动态调整窗口大小;高频窄窗高时间分辨率,低频宽窗高频率分辨率。尺度 |
|
| 时频精度 | 不准确性源于不在窗口频率范围内的高频、低频成分混叠;高频成分因窗口过宽导致时间定位模糊,低频成分因窗口过窄导致频率分辨率不足。 | 时频分辨率自适应,显著减少混叠;擅长捕捉非平稳信号;存在“影响锥 (COI)”区域(边缘效应)。 | |
| 计算效率 | 计算冗余高,每个时间步需分析 |
可通过 DFT 和卷积定理快速计算;非正交小波尺度集可由 |
|
| 适用场景 | 适用于平稳信号或主导频率范围固定的信号;仅提取信号局部频率信息。 | 适用于多频率非平稳时间序列(如 Niño 3 SST);主导频率范围广的分析;可扩展至交叉小波谱、相干性等。 | |
| 能量聚焦性 | 能量分散在固定时频区域,高频瞬态信号易频谱泄漏。 | 通过特定小波基函数实现能量高度集中;归一化小波功率谱 |
|
| 参数调整复杂度 | 需手动选择窗函数类型和窗口长度 |
需选择小波基函数(如 Morlet, DOG)和尺度参数 ( |
|
| 多分辨率能力 | 无多分辨率分析能力;需更换窗口长度间接调整分辨率,操作繁琐。 | 支持多分辨率分析:时间平均得“全局小波谱”;尺度平均得特定频段功率时间序列(如 |
- 在时间序列两端进行零填充,可以一定程度上减小影响锥(Cone of influence (COI))范围(section 3g);
- 一般选取指数尺度集
,对于莫雷小波 , 应选择使等效傅立叶周期近似为 (section 3f & 3h); - 重构(section 3i)
2.1.2 理论功率谱和显著性检验水平
To determine significance levels for either Fourier or wavelet spectra, one first needs to choose an appropriate background spectrum. It is then assumed that different realizations of the geophysical process will be randomly distributed about this mean or expected background, and the actual spectrum can be compared against this random distribution. For many geophysical phenomena, an appropriate background spectrum is either white noise (with a flat Fourier spectrum) or red noise (increasing power with decreasing frequency).
一个红噪声的简单模型是单变量滞后自回归(univariate lag-1 autoregressive):
lag-2 红噪同理。若上述噪声回归方程是全局的,则是傅里叶红噪声。可以使局域/很小的垂直切片满足(3)式,得到小波红噪声谱。
The null hypothesis is defined for the wavelet power spectrum as follows: It is assumed that the time series has a mean power spectrum, possibly given by (4); if a peak in the wavelet power spectrum is significantly above this background spectrum, then it can be assumed to be a true feature with a certain percent confidence. For definitions, “significant at the 5% level” is equivalent to “the 95% confidence level,” and implies a test against a certain background level, while the “95% confidence interval” refers to the range of confidence about a given value.
2.2 链接
本地 2.2 A Practical Guide to Wavelet Analysis
2.3 补充
词汇 _Documents/words/Part.3 words#2 A practical guide to wavelet analysis
3 Characterization of turbulence in the Mars plasma environment with MAVEN observations
Ruhunusiri, S., et al. (2017), Characterization of turbulence in the Mars plasma environment with MAVEN observations, J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics, 122, 656–674, doi:10.1002/2016JA023456.
3.1 简介
我们首次通过计算磁场波动(magnetic field fluctuations)的谱指数(slopes in the magnetic field power spectra)并确定它们随频率和在不同区域的变化,来表征火星等离子体环境中的湍流。
与太阳风不同,在磁鞘中,我们发现惯性区缺失(an absence of the inertial range),该区域的谱指数值等于科尔莫戈罗夫定标值
缺乏具有科尔莫戈罗夫定标值的谱指数表明,磁鞘中的波动没有足够的时间相互作用,从而未能导致充分发展的能量级联(a fully developed energy cascade)。
在磁场堆积边界(magnetic pileup boundary, MPB)附近,低频范围观察到接近科尔莫戈罗夫定标值的谱指数,这表明存在充分发展的能量级联。
在尾迹(wake,不是磁尾 magnetic tail)中,我们发现低频和高频范围的谱指数大致相同,通常接近
我们观察到谱指数的季节性变化,主要在上游区域,这表明质子回旋波(proton cyclotron waves)存在季节性变化。
3.1.1 背景介绍
3.1.2 方法
- 使用小波变换得到幂律谱(power spectral densities (PSDs) for the magnetic field fluctuations)
-
refer to the lower frequency range (
) as the MHD range and the higher frequency range ($ >f_{H^+}$) as the kinetic range. -
the spectral index value 的分布

-
谱噪声估计
we verified that the PSDs used for computing the median lie above the MAG noise level, shown by the black curves in Figures 3c–3f. The MAG noise level was estimated as the minimum PSD value when MAVEN was upstream of the bow shock during the time interval from November 2014 to April 2016.
3.2 补充
词汇 Part.3 words